Human Development Theories Essay - 1649 Words

Human Development Theories In addition to Freud’s psychodynamic theory there are four other human development philosophies; biological, cognitive, behavioral and systems model. Even though these theories differ they all contain the same basic assumptions. People will continue to grow. People exhibit both stability and flux as they pass through life. People are holistic, of mind body and spirit. Lastly, individual people must be understood in the context of relationships and setting (Cash White, 2012). There are three main concepts in the theory of Biological human development. Gesell’s maturation theory is that a child will develop according to a predetermined biological schedule. â€Å"There is an inner timetable that determines the†¦show more content†¦As a result of Darwin’s studies other ethnologist began making discoveries. Lorenz’s imprinting studies on goslings concluded there’s an early critical period in which imprinting occurs. Social attachments are formed impart by the imprinting process. According to Bowlby, a six month old baby will have narrowed their attachment to just a few people with one in particular and will become afraid of strangers (Crain, 2011). Additionally, Ainsworth discovered three different forms of attachment among individual babies. Depending on how secure or insecure a child feels patterns of attachment are formed. Consequently, both Bowlby and Ainsworth’s position was the same as Gesell’s,  "evolution has provided infants with signals and gestures that promote healthy development and it is wisest to respond to them† (Crain, 2011, p. 66). Piaget â€Å"forged the single most comprehensive and compelling theory of intellectual development† (Crain, 2011, p. 118), a theory of psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by trying to understand the thought process behind why people do what they do. In Piaget’s cognitive development theory he suggested that child think differently than adults do and from this he developed a stage theory of development. As one of the first theorists to state that children are actively gaining their own knowledge of the world and that theyShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Human Development774 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of Human development are relevant and matter in the â€Å"real world†. In my clinical practice as a psychologist-in-training, I have found human development theories to be very useful in conceptualizing and understanding my client’s distress. I used theoretical frameworks that are based on theories of human development to guide my interventio ns in therapy. For example, as a brief psychodynamic clinician, I look to Freud’s theory of anxiety to understand how distress was developed for my clientsRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 PagesHuman development theories are theories intended to account for how and why people become, as they are. These theories provide the framework to clarify and organize existing observations and to try to explain and predict human behavior. It is important to recognize the complexity of human development and the theories that explain human development. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’sRead MoreTheories And Theories Of Human Development1337 Words   |  6 Pages10/11/17 Principles of Human Development Paper #1 The concepts and theories of human development are important for a school counselor to have knowledge on. Knowledge on these topics can aid the counselor in better understanding the circumstances of their students. There are three main developmental sections which will be discussed in this paper. Those three include physical development, cognitive development, and social development. Each section contains multiple theories and concepts that wouldRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development1196 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation 2009 define biopsychosocial as â€Å"the systematic integration of the biological, psychological and social approaches of the study of mental health and specific mental disorders (p.48).† The human lifespan is primary base of the human grow process that start with the reproduction, the process of the human body, the brain and internal organs that are developing during the pregnancy, birth, early, middle, and late childhood, adolescence, early, middle, and l ate adulthood until the end of life. AdditionallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development2064 Words   |  9 PagesThe life span theories is about four different theories; the psychoanalytic, behaviourism, cognitive and humanistic. Erikson has some similarities with Freud however it is extremely different in other ways. Rather than Erikson focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, he believed that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. Erikson has an eight stage theory of human development which describes the process from birth to death and the crisis of each stage bringsRead MoreHuman Development And The Lifespan Theory1246 Words   |  5 PagesWhile growing up my family impacted my behavior and human develop based on the major domains of the Human Development and the Lifespan Theory. The major domains of the human developments are Physical/Biological System, Cognitive System, Emotional System, and Social Systems. Each domain s focus on things which shapes an individual life. Physical/biological system domain focuses on the genetical foundation of a person. For example, the changes in body weight or appearance; however, this could affectRead MoreTheories Of Development And Development Influence Human Intelligence1676 Words   |  7 Pageslearning and development. Some major theorists that are incorporated with theories of development include Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Erik Erikson. Along with the theories of development, there are theories of learning. The four main theories include cognitive, constructivism, social cognitive, and situative. First and foremost, Jean Piaget can be considered a pioneer in psychology. His theory is considered one of the most influential and comprehensive theories of cognitive development. This theoryRead More Cognitive Theories of Human Development Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Theories of Human Development Jean Piaget, known as the most important theorist; started the most comprehensive theory of intellectual development. Piaget was born in 1896, in Neuchatel Switzerland, and lived a full and significant life, he passed away at age 84. His father was a medieval historian, and his mother was a homemaker; she was highly emotional and her behavior disrupted the normalcy of their home. Piaget married Valentine Chatenay, and they soon welcomed three girls;Read MoreThe Psychoanalytic Theory Of Human Development Research1074 Words   |  5 Pagesstudies topics like the theoretical perspective theories that are used in human development research. The Psychoanalytic perspective theory focuses on the emotional and social development, Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental theory accents the changes in thinking, while the Behaviorism and Social Learning and the Lifespan perspective discuss many aspects on human functioning (p. 21). These theories allow for a different point of view on dev elopment while regarding relative influence of nature andRead MoreDiscuss Major Theories Of Human Development And Learning Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss major theories of human development and learning, including MÄ ori and Pasifika perspectives. This essay will discuss Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky and their theories as well as critical points from their theories and explain how they relate back to each theory. It will discuss how both of these theories can be applied to work in relation to a role in the Early Childhood sector. It will include Dr. Rangimarie Pere’s studies in education and how they compare to those of Piaget and Vygotsky. This

Research Paper on Video Game Violence - 1483 Words

Kendal Hill Mrs. Van Fleet Block 3 10 December 2011 Video games and Violent Behavior True or False: Violent videogames cause children to become more aggressive. Sorry, that was a trick question. Despite much bandying of statistics and loud talking by critics on both sides of the argument, the real answer is that there is no real answer—at least not one that’s been proved scientifically (Zipp). Video games are an appealing target for a public figure in search of a crusade. Movies and music have energetic advocates, but it’s hard to find anyone who will defend games for their artistic value, or even on the grounds of freedom of expression. Usually the strongest argument made for games is that they are harmless fun (Koffler).†¦show more content†¦That may be because videogames are such an important part of socializing for that age, Kutner and Olson say, that these boys are, by definition, â€Å"abnormal† (Zipp). However, Kutner and Olson are careful to point out that their study does not prove causali ty: It may be that more aggressive children are drawn to more violent videogames and not that the games themselves are to blame. Researchers just don’t know yet (Zipp). Kutner and Olson also say that playing the games with your child is an excellent idea, for many reasons. For one, 12-year-olds love being able to trounce their parents at something. For another, parent and child will be able to have meaningful conversation while playing whether about videogames or not. (Children at that age find it much easier to talk to parents if they aren’t facing them.) And if a parent finds something that concerns them in a game, a child may listen more thoughtfully than if the parent just issues a blanket refusal to allow future playing, Olson says. † But for those parents who simply won’t let their children have video games at home, Olson says â€Å"total denial doesn’t work,† there’s a good chance the child will just find somewhere else to play them.† Here again Kutner points out there is no proof of causality (Zipp). One of the major factors keeping violence in video games is the fact that it would be considered unconstitutional. States however continuously try to make laws that restrictShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Violent Video Games on the Behavior of Adolescents and Young People792 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Violent Video Games Introduction The debate about violent video games and whether or not those games influence the behavior of young people in particular, young boys has been going on for many years. There is no doubt that video games are very popular among pre-adolescents and adolescents. In fact, recent research in the New Hampshire Business Review (June, 2012) shows that 42% of the 300 boys that participated in a survey indicated they would rather play video games than play sports with otherRead MoreViolent Video Games Do Not Cause Violence And Aggression1527 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Video Games Over the past few years, the United States has seen violence that has come from the inside of the country. Various high schools, have had shootings inside of them from some of the high school students that go to that specific school. Some experts blame the shootings by categorizing the students as someone who has been tormented and bullied basically most of life, while other experts believe the shootings were caused by the violence in video games. There has been a lot of nation-wideRead MoreEssay on Video Games and Violence1481 Words   |  6 Pages Gun violence in the past years throughout the United States had been increased rapid. Examples of this are Virginia Tech incident, the shooting of congresswomen from Arizona Gabby Gifford, The Sandy Hook Shooting, etc. Most of these violence incidents had one thing in common and that is each of the suspect had psychological issues there were facing and they didn’t have support the system most of us have. Another fact is that most of the suspects were nonsocial individual who spend of their timeRead MoreVideo Games Call Of Duty881 Words   |  4 Pagesplay violent video games. Many people often assume that these intense games have a direct correlation to becoming a violent person. While many people agree with this, the research is not 100% accurate. This makes it very hard to find proof that a violent video game is one of the leading causes of a violent person. We are often blaming these games for a more internal complex problem. One of the leading video games Call Of Duty focuses on killing people in order to win the game. This game has over 40Read More Negative Effects of Violent Video Games on Teenagers Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pages Video games have been available to consumers for the last 30 years. They are a unique form of entertainment, because they encourage players to become a part of the games script. Todays sophisticated video games require players to pay constant attention to the game, rather than passively watching a movie. My working thesis is â€Å" Although there are other factors that can lead to violent behaviors such as inner stress, playing violent video games are one of the main factors that can lead to violentRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography - 5905 Words   |  4 PagesA. et al (2004). The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Retrieved October 4, 2010, from pdfcast.org: http://pdfcast.org/pdf/the-effects-of-violent -video-game-habits-on-adolescent-hostility-aggressive-behaviors-and-school-performance Dr Douglas A. Gentile is a researcher who studies the effects of media on children and adults, may it be positive or negative. He has a Media Research Lab at Iowa State University where he conductsRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior?1383 Words   |  6 Pages Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? Samantha Remesz Saginaw Valley State University Abstract This paper explores violent video games and their affects on people’s behavior and emotions. An experimental study was done by Smith, Lachlan, and Tamborini and is investigated further. The researchers wanted to examine people’s behavior after playing violent video games as well as nonviolent video games and compare the differences of the two. The study observes boys and girlsRead MoreSynopsis Of Storytelling Games 1720 Words   |  7 PagesThesis: Storytelling in games gives the gamers the opportunity to be involved in the game, experience the characters, stimulate feelings like fear and excitement and let the player know they make situations happen and the choices they make affect the outcome as well as motivate them to continue on. Background: After reading parts of The Storytelling Animal, it was clear that storytelling is in everything. As an avid videogame player it was evident that many of the games that people play, like BattlefieldRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Violent Video Games Essays1274 Words   |  6 Pagesethical questions arise because of cloning and stem cell research, the education of society in addition with the advancement in technology have allowed these negative advancements to be achieved. This being said, it can be proven that advancements come with positive and negative effects. The video games of twenty-five years ago have evolved into something different and in some cases something dark. Research has shown in many cases that video games have negative effects such as: increased aggressiveRead MoreNegative Effects Of Video Games1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthey think about video games? Most people think of fun they have while playing. Or it could be the cost of the new game or the device to go with it. It could also be the violence a game offers or the rating given to the game. Many people play and enjoy video games today, people don’t necessarily have to play video games at home anymore either. Games can be downloaded to devices such as cell phones or tablets that can be taken on the go. When taking a step back to look at the games that are played

Economics and Quantitative Analysis Income Elasticity of Demand

Question: Discuss about theEconomics and Quantitative Analysisfor Income Elasticity of Demand. Answer: Introduction According to mid- point method of calculating price elasticity, the elasticity is calculated as an average for changes in two variables. This formula uses the percentage changes calculated, which is based on the average of the initial and ending values of each variable, rather than initial values (Browning and Zupan 2014). The midpoint elasticity formula can be used to analyse the price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, price elasticity of supply and cross elasticity if demand. The formula for calculating the mid-point method of price elasticity is written below : Mid-Point Elasticity = ((B2 B1)/ (B2+B1)/2 )/ ((A2-A1)/(A2+A1)/2) Where, A1 and A2 are the initial and final values f changes in price and B1 and B2 are the initial and final values of quantity demanded. There are four methods to calculate the price elasticity of demand, which could be listed as follows: Percentage Method: percentage methods calculate the percentage change in quantity demanded with respect to percentage change in price (Blau, Ferber and Winkler 2013). Point Method: according to the point or geometric method, the price elasticity is measured at a point on the demand curve. Arc Method: any two points on a demand curve make an arc. According to the arc method, the elasticity between the two points on the curve is calculated. Total Outlay Method: according to the total outlay method, price elasticity is calculated as the change in the total expenditure (Perloff 2016). The midpoint methods of calculating the price elasticity of demand is quite accurate in framing the exact approximations when the changes involved in between the initial and final quantity demanded and price of the product is quite small. Price elasticity of demand has for determinants, which can be stated as follows: Product Necessity : the greater the necessity associated with the product, the lesser is the elasticity of the product. This could be explained as, consumers tend to buy the necessity products regardless the price. Luxury goods on the other hand, tend to have a higher elasticity. Hence, it could be stated that goods that are necessary goods are inelastic in nature. Substitutes: depending upon the availability of substitutes in the market of the particular product, the elasticity of the product increases. When the product has a close substitute, it gets easier for the consumer to switch the products from one commodity to another. hence, the demand for the good becomes elastic (Eaton, Allen and Eaton 2012). Conversely, when the substitutes if the product are quite less, it does not provide an option for the consumer to change their demand for the good, hence it becomes inelastic in nature. Brand loyalty : when a consumer has an attached brand loyalty towards the product, it gets very difficult for the person to change their tastes and preferences to some other product. Hence, it can be said, that brand loyalty makes the product inelastic in nature. Price change duration: goods that are non-durable tend to be more elastic in nature in the long run, than in the short run. During short run, the span of time is quite else, hence, it gets difficult for the consumers to find substitutes for the product and thereby elasticity is comparatively low. Among the above mentioned determinants of price elasticity of demand, most important determinant is the availability of substitutes. When two goods are substitutes of each other, there is a positive relation between the price changes of one product to the quantity demanded of the other. It creates a positive elasticity between the two goods. According to the scenario of the case provided with regards to the market for cds, the price elasticity of demand could be stated as : Price elasticity = (% change in quantity demanded ) / (% change in price) In the particular case, the two goods are downloaded music and cds. Hence, it could be stated as , Price elasticity = (% change in quantity demanded of cds) / (% change in price of cds) = (30)/ ((15-21)/21) = 30/20.3 = -1.48 The value related to the elasticity, which is attained, is more than 1 and negative. The negative sign shows the negative relation that exists between the price of the good and the quantity demanded by the commodity, whereas, the value shows that the goods are relatively elastic in nature. Hence, with a slight change in price, the quantity demanded for CDs is much greater, in accordance with the law of demand. As CDS are relatively elastic in nature, it could be stated that the effectiveness if the change in price of the product is more for the consumers. Hence, it would be beneficial for the organization, universal music, to reduce the price of their products more, so that the quantity demanded increases largely. According to Rader (2014), law of demand, with the rise in price of a particular product, its quantity demanded decreases, whereas, with the fall in the price of the product, the quantity demanded increases, other thing remaining constant. This shows a negative relation between the demand and the price of a particular product. The degree of responsiveness of the change in quantity demanded due to the change in price can be measured by the price elasticity of demand. In the following case study, for the iTunes introducing 33 songs, it can be stated as the price elasticity of demand: Price Elasticity Of Demand = (% change in quantity demanded ) / (% change in price) = (-35) / ((4257-3267)/3267) = - 35 / 0.3 = -116.66 Here, the Price Elasticity of Demand is for these 33 songs is -116.66. The value related to the elasticity, which is attained, is more than 1 and negative. The negative sign shows the negative relation that exists between the price of the good and the quantity demanded by the commodity, whereas, the value shows that the goods are relatively elastic in nature. Hence, with a slight change in price, the quantity demanded for those 33 songs is much greater, in accordance with the law of demand. According to the law of demand, with the rise in price of a particular product, its quantity demanded decreases, whereas, with the fall in the price of the product, the quantity demanded increases, other thing remaining constant. This shows a negative relation between the demand and the price of a particular product. The degree of responsiveness of the change in quantity demanded due to the change in price can be measured by the price elasticity of demand (Norman et al. 2013). In the following case provided, in order to find out the price elasticity of demand, the formula could be written as: Price Elasticity Of Demand = (% change in quantity demanded ) / (% change in price) = 10/5 =2 Hence, it could be stated that chocolate is relatively elastic in nature, where the proportion of quantity demanded of chocolate sauce is greater than the proportion of price change of the product. With the change in the quantity demanded for chocolate sauce, there is a change in the quantity demanded for ice cream. To measure the relation between these two goods, cross price elasticity is conducted. cross price elasticity = (%change in quantity demanded for ice cream)/(% change in price for chocolate sauce) = (15)/(-5) = -3 Teh value for teh cross elasticity of the two goods is negative, which shows that with the fall in the price of one good, there is a rise quantity demanded of the other. Hence, there is a negative relation between the two products (Case, Fair and Oster 2014). This thereby, proves that the two goods, i.e., chocolate sauce and ice cream are substitutes to each other. Reference Blau, F.D., Ferber, M.A. and Winkler, A.E., 2013.The economics of women, men and work. Pearson Higher Ed. Browning, E.K. and Zupan, M.A., 2014.Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. Wiley Global Education. Case, K.E., Fair, R.C. and Oster, S., 2014.Principles of Microeconomics. Pearson Higher Ed. Eaton, B.C., Allen, D.W. and Eaton, D.F., 2012.Microeconomics: theory with applications. Pearson Canada. Norman, S., Schlaudraff, J., White, K. and Wills, D., 2013. Deriving the dividend discount model in the intermediate microeconomics class.The Journal of Economic Education,44(1), pp.58-63. Perloff, J.M., 2016.Microeconomics: Theory and Applications with Calculus. Pearson. Rader, T., 2014.Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press.

Market Economy Government Regulation and Intervention

Question: Discuss about the Market Economy for Government Regulation and Intervention. Answer: A: Adam Smith is concerned about the market economy. According to him, invisible hand works in the course of market economy and for the efficient functioning of the market there would be no need for the government regulation and intervention. However if we want to look at the market economy, we need to understand the inherent market structure and market structure differs depending on the goods and services the market is trading. There are four types of market structure perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. These four market structures have different characteristics and on the basis of these features we can differentiate among different types of market. In the real world scenario, perfect competition and monopoly are the two extremes and we rarely can see such market structures. However monopolistic competitive and oligopolistic market structures are common in the economy. Perfect Competition: We will start with the perfectly competitive market. Perfectly competitive market has certain features like there are larger number of buyers and sellers in this market. Buyers and sellers have complete information regarding commodity and prices. The large number of buyers and sellers signify that single buyer or seller is very insignificant in the market and each seller has very small amount of market share. This aspect of market structure denotes that a single seller does not have any influence on market price and he cannot change the market price to attain higher market share or to earn higher profit. Another aspect behind the given market price is that each seller produces standardised product and for reason it is impossible for each seller to influence the market price. Each seller has to accept the market price that is determined by the interaction of market supply and market demand. Hence each seller and buyer is price taker.Hence H Another feature of perfectly competitive mar ket is that there is no barrier to entry or exit into the market that means there is free entry and exit facility for each firm into the market. Example of perfectly competitive market: One of the most important example of perfectly competitive market is wheat and corn market. In this market the farmers cannot differentiate in terms of product quality and for this reason final product is standardised. There are large number of farmers and buyers in the agricultural market and for this reason one single farmer or consumer is unable to affect the price of product. Hence each farmer is price taker and he has to sell its product at the market price. The farmers have the option of free exit and entry from the corn or wheat market depending on the profit or loss. If in the short run they incur profit, in the long run there will be entry of other firms while in case of short run losses, there will be exit of farmers in the long run. As the farmers are price taker, they have to sell their product at market determined price and for this reason corn or wheat market has horizontal or perfectly elastic demand curve. As there is large number of option for corn or wheat, the cons umers have good number of substitutes (as each farmer sell same corn or wheat) and for this reason the demand curve of each firm is perfectly elastic. Monopoly: Monopoly is a market structure where we can see the emergence of single seller in the industry. Hence in case of monopoly market supply and the supply of firm is same as the industry consists of the single firm. Monopoly firm is given the government protection. The government considers that it would be cost efficient for on single firm to serve the entire market and the government also considers that the large monopoly firm will be able to secure economies of scale (larger production will reduce average cost of production) eventually and they will also undertake research and development activities. Considering all these aspects the government provides monopoly status to a firm so that efficiency of the market can be attained and consumers can be benefited from lower prices and good quality product or service. For this reason government gives tax exemption and regulate the monopoly market so that no competitor can enter into the market. Hence in case of monopoly market structure there is strict barriers to entry and without any competition the monopoly firm can serve the market to earn higher level of profit. However most of the time it can be seen that the monopoly firm is not fulfilling its commitment to the society and produce lower output and charge higher prices to satisfy its profit maximization criteria. Hence the monopoly firm faces downward sloping demand curve. Example of monopoly firm: One good example of monopoly firm is US postal services. According to 19th century law it is illegal for any other company of firm to deliver letters and the sole authority of delivering letters had been given to US postal services. However it can be seen that US postal service deliver letters at a minimum price of $3 and it can be said that if private companies and competitors will be present in the market, the consumers can deliver letters at much lower cost. US postal services have been exempted from state and federal taxes and there are a numbers of government regulations so that US postal service can be competitors free. However in 2002 it can be seen that fiscal deficit of the postal service is of $4.5 billion and that lead the government to consider imposing some regulations on postal department to improve its efficiency ("US Postal Service: A Government Protected Monopoly | Capitalism Magazine", 2016). Monopolistic competition: The other market structure is monopolistically competitive market. In this market structure we can see that there are large numbers of small sized firms. One of the important aspect of this market structure is that each firm tries to bring certain differentiation in its product so that on the basis of this product differentiation it can charge some different price and can improve its market share and profit in the industry. The product differentiation and ability to influence the market price lead to downward sloping demand curve for these firms. The firm adopts advertisement campaign to increase their market share and profit. This industry has low barriers to entry and exit into the industry and depending upon profit and loss entry and exit can happen in the long run. Example of monopolistically competitive firm: Starbucks and McDonald are under monopolistically competitive industry. In fact the fast food industry belongs to this monopolistically competitive market structure. There are larger number of firms in this fast food industry like star buck, McDonald, KFC, Pizza Hut, Burger King and others. They acquire small market share and produces and sells similar product. However these firms have adopted different strategies to bring product differentiation so that with it, they can attract larger customer base. Like McDonald have recently adopted special breakfast menus to bring some fresh look into its menu. This strategy has been advertised largely so that its market share can improve. In this fast food industry we can see firms can enter and exit into the market easily and there is no such strict barriers for entry and exit ("Starbucks or McDonald's? - Econlife", 2010). Oligopoly: Another market structure is oligopolistic market. In this market structure we can see that there are few firms in the industry and they acquire larger market share. As there is few large firms and each firm incur high cost of production to remain in the industry, barrier to entry in the industry is high and new firm has to face significant barrier to entry into the industry. The product that the market serves in standardised and unique in nature. The most crucial aspect that we can observe in this industry is that interdependence among existing firms. As there are few large firms, one firms pricing or quantity strategy affect other firms. We can say that if one firm reduces its price, other firms also reduces their price; however rise in price will not be matched by other firms as in this case price rise will result to lower amount of profit. However in this oligopolistic industry, existing firms can enjoy monopoly profit if they decide to collude that means if they collectively deci de how much output to produce and what price to charge for their product. Example of oligopolistic market: US airline industry is an example of oligopolistic market. Boeing and Airbus are two popular airline firms in the US airline industry. These two firms face stiff competition for decades as they supply fixed output in terms of number of airservices and infrequent aircraft orders. This competition also depends upon their strategic behaviour on deciding price and quantity and quality of service. They secure large market share and earn higher profit. Huge initial and ongoing investment by these two firms lead new entrants to deter their entry into the industry (Cook, 2008). b: Externality arises when the action of somebody has some effects on the welfare of third person (who is not associated with the action). Negative externality arises when the action of one party imposes cost on the welfare of other party. During the phase of negative externality we can see that social cost is greater than private cost and without any government intervention the party who creates negative externality does not compensate the society for the social cost. Hence in the presence of negative externality we can see that the externality is not internalised and market output is greater than socially efficient level of output. In the above figure we can see example of negative externality. In the economy market equilibrium level of output gets equal to social efficient level of output when the when there is no externality and marginal social benefit equal to marginal social cost. However when negative externality arises into the economy, marginal social cost is higher than marginal private cost as there is external cost and in this case if there will be no government regulation the market output will be Q and negative externality generating firm charges P price. This is the market output whereas the socially optimum output should be Q1 (where marginal social cost equal to marginal social benefit) and the firm should charge higher prices at P1. In the above example we can see without any government regulation in the presence of negative externality the economy produces higher output and charge lower price which is not socially optimum combination. Hence government regulation is required. The government can regulates with the help of two measures imposing tax on negative externality generating firm and creating tradable permits. Imposition of tax: First method is imposition of tax on pollution (as pollution is considered as negative externality). When the government imposes tax on pollution generating firm, the supply curve shifts leftward (in the above diagram it can be represented as leftward shift of marginal private cost curve to marginal social cost curve) and for this reason the pollution generating firm will produce Q1 output and charge P1 price ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Advantages of imposition of tax on pollution generating firm: In this manner social efficiency is reached as the firm continues to produce where marginal social cost equalises to marginal social benefit ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). In this manner the government can earn tax revenue and that can be utilised in productive sectors like health and education ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Disadvantages of imposition of tax on pollution generating firm: It is very difficult to measure the amount of pollution and tax accordingly ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Tax can create inequality. If the demand for the good is inelastic, imposition of tax will not reduce its demand and will not reduce pollution as well ("Pollution Permits | Economics Help", 2016). Tradable pollution permit: In this kind of pollution control strategy the government determine certain level of pollution unit that the entire industry can generate and on the basis of it, the market players can trade (buy and sell0 those pollution permits. This is considered as the most efficient way of reducing pollution in certain industry ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Advantages of tradable permits: In this way the firms which require low cost to reduce pollution can sell their pollution permit to those firms which require high cost to reduce their pollution level. In this manner, total pollution unit in the industry will remain in its pre determined form and the society can reduce pollution at cost efficient manner. In this manner the firms that have the prospect for development do not need to compromise on the ground of reducing pollution units ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). The government can auction the pollution permit and can generate revenue out of it ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Disadvantages of tradable permits: The major disadvantage of tradable pollution permit is that firms that emit coal, gas and carbon-di-oxide in higher percentage will continue to emit that amount and that will degrade environmental quality ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). There is a higher chance that the firms engage in this kind of trading involve in cheating and that can hamper overall, efficiency of the market economy ("The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey", 2016). Real example of negative externality and reduction: Many economies now engage in pollution reduction strategies as pollution or more specifically emission of green house gases degrade the quality of our environment. Hence many economies and countries like Singapore is engaging itself to reduce carbon emission and they have been initiating Kyoto protocol. This has been one of the popular means of reducing pollution and with the help of it, the countries can trade their pollution permit. Auction of this permit happen and amount of permit is decided on the basis of historical record of demand and number of available auctions. The countries bid their prices for the permit and according to it final trade (buy and sell) of pollution permits are finalised (NorregaardRepalin Hill, 2000). C: The US economy has witnessed the growing level of negative externality that has been generated by the tobacco companies and these tobacco companies are imposing higher health hazards to the entire economy. These tobacco companies are marketing, lobbying tobacco practices and for this reason larger proportion of population become smokers. This smoking habit is considered as one of the most deadly habits and this actually degrade overall health of the economy. As these tobacco companies increases their advertisement, marketing and sale of tobacco products, number of smokers in the economy is going to increase and this imposes serious threat to the entire market economy (Biglan, 2016). Generally young people and students are more prone to such habits and for this reason entire economy will be going to suffer. As healthy individuals are considered as the important human capital of the economy, increase in smoking habits degrade human capital and further the growth prospect of the economy, Smoking is going to create negative externality as smoking do not adversely impact the welfare of the direct smokers but also degrade the health condition of passive smokers and finally the entire economy. Hence human capital of the economy gets adversely affected. In the above figure we can see that how smoking generates negative externality in an economy and how it adversely impact the well being of the entire society. When people smokes negative externality generates, but without government intervention the tobacco producing companies do not need to pay taxes or any compensation. For this reason they continue to produce Q output and charges P price. However if negative externality is internalised and government regulates the market properly, socially optimum level of output is generated. Socially optimum or efficient level of output is generated when marginal social benefit curve equals to marginal social cost curve and the firm produces Q1 level of output and charges P1 market price. With the absence of any government regulation negative externality creates deadweighted loss which occurs due to the difference between market output and socially optimum level of output. In the above figure dead weighted loss is denoted by the shaded region (t raiangle) (Biglan, 2016). In the year of 1950, significant action against the use of tobacco has been raised in the US economy when empirical researchers found that smoking causes large amount of health hazards including cancers. Due to this empirical findings large proportion of people and organizations had started their campaign and awareness programs against the use of cigarettes. They showed that from the beginning of adolescence large proportion of young people starts smoking and that actually disrupts the growth prospect of an economy. The tobacco control program by different organizations has been specifically meant to increased number of awareness programs (Biglan, 2016). Large number of evaluating strategies for reducing smoking had been emerged these days. These include media campaign, school based preventive measures, ban on advertisement on tobacco products, claim for clean indoor environment and tax on cigarettes. All these are expected to reduce the demand for and that will finally result to lesser occurrence of smoking incidence (Biglan, 2016). During that period advocacy programs were found out to be very effective. They initiated large number of media campaigns and they demanded clean indoor air. That time a number of organizations like American Cancer Society, American Lung Association and American Heart Association formed a number of campaigns and there increased the society for American for non-smokers right and Tobacco free kid. They media campaign attacked the lobbying and marketing procedure of tobacco companies and that finally reduced demanded for tobacco (Biglan, 2016). During that period a large number of surveillance incidents happened and that monitored the smoking habits of adults and adolescents. References US Postal Service: A Government Protected Monopoly | Capitalism Magazine. (2016). Capitalismmagazine.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://capitalismmagazine.com/2003/09/us-postal-service-a-government-protected-monopoly/ Cook, A. (2008). B OEING V ERSUS A IRBUS : AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. Miami University. Starbucks or McDonald's? - Econlife. (2010). Econlife. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://econlife.com/2010/06/starbucks-or-mcdonalds/ (2016). Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.colorado.edu/economics/morey/2010/2010BookChapters/KW_Chapter9/KWCh_09_Perfect_Competition_Edward.pdf Pollution Permits | Economics Help. (2016). Economicshelp.org. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.economicshelp.org/micro-economic-essays/marketfailure/pollution-permits/ The Pros and Cons of Cap and Trade | Steve Richey. (2016). Steverichey.com. Retrieved 26 August 2016, from https://www.steverichey.com/writing-samples/climate-change/the-pros-and-cons-of-cap-and-trade/ Norregaard, J. Repalin Hill, V. (2000). Taxes and Tradable Permits as instrument for controlling pollution: Theory and Practice. International Monetray Fund. Biglan, A. (2016). Corporate Externalities: A Challenge to the Further Success of Prevention Science.

Heal The World Essay Example

Heal The World Essay Verse 1: Theres A Place In Your Heart And I Know That It Is Love And This Place Could Be Much Brighter Than Tomorrow And If You Really Try Youll Find Theres No Need To Cry In This Place Youll Feel Theres No Hurt Or Sorrow Bridge 1: There Are Ways To Get There If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Little Space Make A Better Place Chorus 1: Heal The World Make It A Better Place For You And For Me And The Entire Human Race There Are People Dying If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Better Place For You And For Me Verse 2: If You Want To Know Why Theres A Love That Cannot Lie Love Is Strong. It Only Cares For Joyful Giving If We Try We Shall See In This Bliss We Cannot Feel Fear Or Dread We Stop Existing And Start Living Bridge 2: Then It Feels That Always Loves Enough For Us Growing So Make A Better World Make A Better World Chorus2: Heal The World Make It A Better Place For You And For Me And The Entire Human Race There Are People Dying If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Better Place For You And For Me Verse 3: And The Dream We Were Conceived In Will Reveal A Joyful Face And The World We Once Believed In Will Shine Again In Grace Then Why Do We Keep Strangling Life Wound This Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Heal The World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Heal The World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Heal The World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Crucify Its Soul Though Its Plain To See This World Is Heavenly Be Gods Glow Verse 4: We Could Fly So High Let Our Spirits Never Die In My Heart I Feel You Are All My Brothers Create A World With No Fear Together Well Cry Happy Tears See The Nations Turn Their Swords Into Plowshares Bridge 3: We Could Really Get There If You Cared Enough For The Living Make A Little Space To Make A Better Place Chorus 3: Heal The World Make It A Better Place For You And For Me And The Entire Human Race There Are People Dying If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Better Place For You And For Me Chorus 4: Heal The World. Make It A Better Place For You And For Me And The Entire Human Race There Are People Dying If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Better Place For You And For Me Chorus 5: Heal The World Make It A Better Place For You And For Me And The Entire Human Race There Are People Dying If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Better Place For You And For Me Coda: There Are People Dying If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Better Place For You And For Me There Are People. Dying If You Care Enough For The Living Make A Better Place For You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me  You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me You And For Me INTERPRETATION In the first verse, the message of this song it to persuade all the people to save this world from dying and suffering. The words And if you really try †¦youll fell theres no hurt or sorrow. This sentence fragment can be delivered the meaning that if people try to help the needy children, there will be no sadness or regret for the loss of someone or something loved. They need our care, our love and our attention. There are ways to make the world better if people care about the living. In the second verse. In the third verse, the statement of the lyric †¦Wound this earth, crucify its soul, though its plain to see, this world is heavenly be Gods glow. portrays the religious aspect which means Let God open people’s heart as He sacrifice his life to the people and why shouldn’t you human being sacrifice for yourselves. In the next verse, the quote of the lyric is written, †¦I feel you are all my brothers†¦See the nations turn their swords into plowshares. means that the writer urges people that the spirits of our hearts have no fear inside it that we all will together feel the tears of helping the needy people. No tears of sadness but the tears of happiness. Come people, save this people as they are your family, your brothers. In his lyric, it means that Michael In the second verse, the The reason that I choose this song is because it gives me a strong feeling when listening to it. This song gives each person different interpretation in its lyric. The moment, the feeling, the obsessions are being portrayed Michael sings This sentence fragment can be delivered the meaning that if people try to help the needy children.

Postwar father essays

Postwar father essays The postwar father was a central participant in a wide assortment of family leisure activites. The periods increased time and empahis upon, leisure fit in with longer term changes in ideologies of fatherhood. The "new father" took more interest in matters of daily family life, including leisure orientated child care and sex education of sons and daughters. These developments did not change mens position as breadwinners, but expanded their realm into domestic areas. It is with the additional leisure time that he becomes exposed to and absorbs the barbecuing commercial speech. At this time there is no language available to reconize the male contrbution to domestic production. So men's gardening, hunting, and alcohol manufacturing were said to be hobbies. (Example Suzanne Morton's comments). Since the fathers role was the breadwinner and the women's role was primarily housekeeping. How would it be that barbecuing could be conceived as masculine, an activity matching one that is held in the kitchen by a women. Could outdoor cooking be protrayed as a hobby. Thomas Walsh, "suggested a genetic link between masculinity and the outdoors as the reason for mens pro-clivty to put up the barbecue tongs. Barbecue And Outdoor Cooking went out of it's way to note that grilling was "an old age method of preparing meat". Others contrasted cooking in a modern cooking, barbecuing harkened back to an earlier time. Tom Riley, author of " How to Build Your Outdoor Kitchen", felt the bustle of modern life explained men's barbecuing. The barbecuing represented a brief retreat from modern life and , presumably, modern gender roles. In order to sell barbecues and barbecue products advertisers had to position the product and the event as a very masculine event. The advertisers had to portray the product and disassociate it from the kitchen. Catalogues were used to portray the product as a direct relationship between the meat, barbecuing, ...

Discuss why Hybrid Cars are negative to the Envirornment Research Paper

Discuss why Hybrid Cars are negative to the Envirornment - Research Paper Example Hybrids, formally referred to as hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), infer automobiles powered by both petroleum products and electricity. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) employ a number of power sources to fuel movement. In the case of HEVs, the automobiles may be propelled by a combination of traditional gasoline or diesel with an electric battery that can be plugged in a peripheral power source (Anderson and Anderson 115). Electricity mainly supplements petroleum products as a prime power source, which in turn, yields fewer emissions and an enhanced gas mileage. The overriding perception within the car market industry is that hybrid or electric cars are environmentally benign. To some extent this is true as there are several benefits to purchasing a hybrid car; however, one should be conscious of some of the potential negative environmental influences of hybrid cars. If one takes the overall environmental cost of a vehicle right from design to its dismantling or recycling, hybrid-electric vehicles do not reasonably match the hype that they are presently getting (Phukidides par.1). Although hybrids are perceived as clean technology by a majority of people, hybrids with an internal combustion engine still generate pollutants to the environment. Similarly, the electricity generated to recharge the batteries and power the vehicles may be produced through â€Å"dirty technology† such as burning fossil fuels. The long-term impacts of hybrid cars to the environment include destructive impacts of battery waste disposals, and landfill contributions. Disposing of the batteries when they have outlived their worth also poses some environmental risks. Moreover, the metal components used in making the batteries may be processed and manufactured with diverse degrees of environmental risks (Anderson and

Making a Golf Ball More Aerodynamic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Making a Golf Ball More Aerodynamic - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that it is highly anticipated that the results will answer the age-old question of how far a dimpled ball can go. There has been many studies completed with respect to improving the yardage of balls through the use of engineered golf clubs and improved golf greens; but, not much testing has been conducted in improving the ball’s internal mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to not only understand the inner workings of the golf ball and a breakdown of the materials used in the balls of today, but, also to further understand the aerodynamics of how the ball travels in the air and water. Through the conducting of these tests, it may be revealed that not only to improve the balls outer skin would improve the desired result of increased yardage, but, it may be found that there are lighter materials that could be used that provides the height, speed, weight and distance that many golfers need to improve their sport. Through the informatio n and data provided it is anticipated that perhaps a new generation of golf ball may be a viable option for the golfing industry and provide the insight into how materials may be a potential shift in how golf balls are manufactured. A 3D model of the location of the sensors will be produced and once this data has been successfully gathered through the use of several different testing methodologies, an analysis will then detail the results.

Feedback and its importance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feedback and its importance - Coursework Example Positive feedback encourages the speaker whereas negative feedback results in demoralizing the speaker. Different Types of Feedback There are four basic types of feedback, which include effective feedback, evaluative feedback, descriptive feedback, and motivational feedback. Let us discuss all of them in some detail. Effective Feedback A person giving effective feedback focuses one aspect of message at a time rather than giving the feedback for the whole message. Effective feedback makes the speaker improve their statement based on the feedback that they receive from the audience. This type of feedback is widely used in the presentations given by the students in universities. Evaluative Feedback This type of feedback is based on some set standards. The goal of giving evaluative feedback is to make the speaker know whether his or her actions or message match the standards or not. Evaluative feedback is also used in universities to measure the performance of the students. Descriptive F eedback Descriptive feedback is deeply associated with the performance of a person. Descriptive feedback makes a person know where he actually stands and what action he needs to take in order to improve the work. Descriptive feedback is used in all fields of life with the sole purpose to bring improvement in the actions. Motivational Feedback This type of feedback is used to motivate or encourage the other person.

Key Facts About Madagascar Tourism Essay

Key Facts About Madagascar Tourism Essay Tourism can be a great development tool, stimulating economic growth, enhancing the economy, and contributing to poverty within almost all sectors of a society. In Madagascar, where poverty is common and where the poor put pressure on the natural resource base, tourism can generate positive externalities on the third party. First tourism creates places of economic growth in regions on the island that have no alternative sources of income and employment. Tourism helps to reduce poverty by diversifying income sources. Second, tourism, can help to preserve the environment, whether for ecotourism or for resort-based tourism, meaning that most of the products used are ecologically efficient. The current Madagascar tourism assets have great prospects however are not fully realized and developed. Tourism is complex and requires its own analysis, particularly as it is one of the largest in the world and rapidly consolidating into a few large players, moreover it becomes a sector of the econo my that annually increases its role in the total economic section so to say. More needs to be done to build a dynamic partnership between business and tourism, in recognition of the fact that a sound business plan for tourism, an effective environmental plan, and a framework for social appreciation are mutually reinforcing and that absence of one may put the others into question. This is why it is important to balance the sectors and all factors that could have an effect on the country and its tourism prospects. 1.Key Facts About MadagascarMacintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:ma-map.gif Madagascar is located in southern Africa on a separate island in the Indian Ocean, next to Mozambique. The Coast line of Madagascar is relatively huge 4,828 km. the climate of Madagascar is tropical along the coast, temperate inland and arid in South. Madagascar is worlds fourth largest island with a strategic location along Mozambique Channel.  [1]   Source: The CIA, World fact book Madagascar, mapMadagascar has a magnificent range of biodiversity, nature and cultural resources to support tourism. However, out of the 200,000 visitors the island per year, only about 60,000 come expressly for tourism, the res are traveling for different other reasons but which can include some tourism activity. Madagascar has the potential to welcome many more tourists if the sectors growth is well planned in a broad way focusing on economic aspects, infrastructure and environmental and social concerns, particularly for community participation. Also we would like to mention some key facts that are influencing Travel and Tourism in Madagascar: 1.GDP: Direct contribution The direct contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP was MGA1, 095.8bn (5.4% of total GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 13.9% in 2012, and to raise by 4.4% pa, from 2012-2022, to MGA1, 924.8bn in 2022 (in constant 2011 prices). Total Contribution-the total contribution of Travel Tourism to GDP was MGA3, 005.2bn (14.9% of GDP) in 2011, and is forecast to rise by 11.6% in 2012, and to rise by 4.3% pa to MGA5, 086.2bn in 2022 2.Employment: Direct Contribution-In 2011 Travel Tourism directly supported 197,500 jobs (4.3% of total employment). This is expected to rise by 13.6% in 2012 and rise by 2.8% pa to 297,000 jobs (4.8% of total employment) in 2022. Total Contribution-In 2011, the total contribution of Travel and Tourism to employment, including jobs supported by the industry, was 12.5% of total employment (577,000 jobs). This is expected to rise by 11.2% in 2012 to 642,000 jobs and rise by 2.7% pa to 835,000 jobs in 2022 (13.5% of total). 3.Visitor Exports: Visitor exports generated MGA1, 397.5bn (26.6% of total exports) in 2011. This is forecast to grow by 13.8% in 2012, and grow by 5.0% pa, from 2012-2022, to MGA2, 582.2bn in 2022 (24.7% of total). 4. Investment: Travel Tourism investment in 2011 was MGA590.4bn, or 15.5% of total investment. It should rise by 6.7% in 2012, and rise by 3.5% pa over the next ten years to MGA884.7bn in 2022 (14.9% of total).  [2]   Also, extremely important factor for country is its own World Ranking between other countries, which provides us with information considering whether the country is doing well or not. The details about Madagascars world ranking is showed below. 2. Madagascars Rankings Also, an extremely important factor for the country is its own World Ranking between other countries, which provides us with information considering whether the country is doing well or not. The details about Madagascars world ranking is showed below. Source: Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 MadagascarMacintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-11-28 at 8.03.06 PM.png According to statistics, Madagascars travel tourism is playing an important role within its country. On one hand, its providing a total amount of more than 577,000 jobs annually, on the other hand, economical wise, its contributing to the 14.9% of the countrys GDP with US 0.5 billion in 2011. In the Travel and Tourism Ranking of 2011 of 181 countries, Madagascar is placed 120th at Direct Contribution to GDP and Total Contribution to GDP, 56th at Direct Contribution to Employment, 49th at Total Contribution to Employment, 98th at Capital Investment, 111th at Visitor Exports. All these numbers are estimated to be continuously moving upwards. Madagascar has moved to the 3rd growing country among all. Thus forecasting the long-term growth over the next ten years starting from 2012, Madagascar is predicted to move up from 120 to 87 out of 181 countries. In Madagascar, the International promotion is under the responsibility of the Maison du Tourisme. Yet, as a major potential exotic location for increasing foreign tourism, international tour operator has pointed out the fact that the government has not been distributing enough funds currently to promote the country. Worldwide countries that have successfully promoted and established a steady beneficial income from tourism, they normally combine efforts and findings from both public and private sectors. Kenya for example, ranking 75 in the survey of Travel and Tourisms Direct Contribution to GDP of 2011, with only two wildlife destinations is already willing to spend more than US $ 10 and 23 million respectively on tourism promotion. Madagascar, position at 120, was only providing US 150,000 for promotional budget annually. Tourist numbers cannot continue to grow at the pace of recent years for much longer, unless some of the constraints are removed. If Madagascar ever succeeds in removing the constraints and moving forward to expand its tourism sector, following up with supporting plans to new investments projects with an effective promotion and marketing campaign, the potential economic growth is almost unlimited. As related to this issue, a resolution to the current financial shortage of the Maison de Tourisme should be proposed. 3. Visitor Exports and Investment Visitor exports are a key component of the direct contribution of Travel Tourism. In 2011, Madagascar generated MGA1, 397.5bn in visitor exports. In 2012, this is expected to grow by 13.8%, and the country is expected to attract 232,000 international tourist arrivals. By 2022, international tourist arrivals are forecast to total 381,000, generating expenditure of MGA2, 582.2bn, an increase of 5.0% pa.  [3]  Macintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-11-29 at 6.34.42 PM.png Source: Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 Madagascar Travel Tourism is expected to have attracted capital investment of MGA590.4bn in 2011. This is expected to rise by 6.7% in 2012, and rise by 3.5% pa over the next ten years to MGA884.7bn in 2022. Travel Tourisms share of total national investment will fall from 16.1% in 2012 to 14.9% in 2022.  [4]   Macintosh HD:Users:IrinaMalysh:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-11-29 at 6.34.51 PM.png Source: Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 Madagascar 4. The Size and Characteristics of the Tourism Sector Another important factor that influences the Travel and Tourism Industry is the size and characteristic of  Tourism Sector as such. In this section of the report we will look at certain questions like: how many tourist visited Madagascar, which country are they traveling from, how long do they stay, what time of the year they travel. Also as well as what are their socio-economic characteristics and how much are they spending while in Madagascar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Madagascar is affected by economical events constantly, which actually affects the inflow of tourists to the country. For instance, September 11, 2011, undoubtedly had an impact on Madagascar and may even have contributed to a spike in tourism as travelers sought safer destinations. Secondly, the political events in Madagascar itself were probably of far more important than September 11. The prolonged political stalemate resulted in visitation to the island plunging, hotels could not find supplies for businesses and were forced into bankruptcy or to sell assets to maintain their properties. There is no way in which such effects can be programmed with any degree of realism into projections of growth. 4.1 Tourist Arrivals In 2001, 170,208 foreign visitor arrivals were recorded, compared with 74,619 in 1995 and 52,923 in 1990, according to the Ministry of Tourism. Year 2002 was pretty much a disaster for tourism in Madagascar and up until now the country is still recovering from it. The relatively low number of foreign tourists were recorded as visiting national parks (54,440 in 2000) these tourists generally visit more than one park during their stay, hence there is a great doubt on the total figure of 160,071 tourists (2000). Possibly, some visitors may escape being recorded as they enter the national parks, but the numbers still seem low in relation to the claim of 160,071 total visitors. The visitor survey undertaken in 2000 indicates that 63% of tourist visitors state that tourism is the main purpose of their visit. This suggests that of the 160,071 arrivals in 2000, only 100, 845 were real tourists so to say. Moreover there are fake tourists, meaning that business travelers use tourist visas to have business in Madagascar. This suggests that the number of real tourists may have been somewhere between 68, 054 and 100, 845 in 2000. Undoubtedly, some visitors who are not tourists will behave as tourists for part of the time they are in Madagascar, i.e., they will use hotels and related services in major cities, and places. These people are called internal tourists, because they travel outside their usual living place.   4.2 Local transport They will probably make a couple trips to the parks, shops, restaurantetc. by using a method of transportation. They may also buy handicrafts and other souvenirs; clearly the souvenirs will vary occurring to the nation. Nevertheless, the distinction between a tourist and a non-resident visiting a country for other purposes must be maintained in order to plan effectively for the needs of tourists as well as give a clear estimate of the real visitors coming. The Government is aware of tourisms statistical problems and, with financing from the EU, has undertaken two sample surveys, the most recent in 2000, to help correct and supplement existing data going into economical terms equalize demand and supply to an equilibrium point. Visitor surveys are expensive to undertake and, though they provide valuable data on visitor characteristics, should not substitute for standard data collection at points of entry otherwise a chance exists that a survey can be not as efficient due to the fact that people can be surveyed more than once. The Government recognizes the need to improve the statistical base for tourism but is constrained by lack of financing hence they are short on the supply of either the needed machinery or working labor. There are significant opportunity costs attached to not knowing the size of a sector that has the potential to become a significant generator of jobs, foreign exchange and taxes, as well as stimulate production of go ods and services in other sectors, hence the government has no choice but to give something in return, i.e. the agricultural sector. A tradeoff between the two sectors will be present. These costs may persuade the Government to find the money and/or a donor to assist with the important task of improving the tourism database. Moreover this can be done through the tradeoff meaning that the government pulls funds out of agriculture or military or education, etc. and transfers them to the tourism sector. 4.3 Countries of Origin France dominates the market with 60 % of foreign visitors, broadly defined and not exclusively tourists. This however is because French love travelling within a country that shares the same language; hence Reunion was a perfect place. Language and a partial common heritage, added to the frequency of flights from Paris and Reunion, are the reasons for French predominance. Italians are the next largest contingent with 12%, followed by US (4.2%), Swiss (2.9%), Germans (2.8%) and British (2.2%). Given the quality and variety of assets in Madagascar, and the European appreciation for eco/cultural tourism, the small percentage share of these countries, other than France, simply indicates unrealized potential demand in those markets. 4.4 Seasonality of Arrivals. Peak months are consistently August and July, when about 21% of tourists arrive, 37 % of tourists arrive from September to December. The lowest month is February after which arrivals build up steadily to the peak months.   4.5 Average Length of Stay. The 2000 visitor survey suggests that the average length of stay for foreigners visiting relatives is 24 days, but for bona fide tourists it is 20 days. Tour operators confirm that tourists stay at least two weeks and sometimes up to three weeks clearly long term stays are beneficial for Madagascar. As noted below, the average combined length of hotel stay is 15 days. The data may be influenced by the large numbers of those visiting friends and relatives and by other non-residents, such as the scientists and potential businessman who are likely to be long-stay visitors. The exact length needs to be confirmed for planning purposes otherwise it becomes impossible to keep track of the individual tourists travelling in and out of the country. Ideally, the length of stay should be determined for at least two broad categories of visitors; eco-tourists and resort tourists, and by type of accommodation. The average length of stay in the National Parks is said to be 1 3 days depending on location, the quality of accommodation, and services for tourism. Clearly looking at the types of restaurants visited, the transportation methods, etc. can broaden the type of tourism and hence narrow it down even better. 4.6 Gender, Age and Income Levels of Tourists According to the survey, the majority of tourists traveling to Madagascar are men (64%). Nevertheless this statistic also suggests that not all visitors are legal tourists and, in this case, may be businessmen declaring themselves as tourists to overcome visa problems and other factors that could stop them. Over 60% of tourists are between 30 and 49 years old, but the median age is below 40. This once more underlines that there is high chance of them being businessman in their midlife looking for attractive offers and opportunities. Nearly three quarters of tourists are highly educated. Nearly two-thirds of visitors are professionals or heads of businesses/ enterprises hence coming to the country not only for leisure purposes. From observation, a significant number of tourists are backpackers. The term backpacker can include the adventure tourist, who is often quite well off, as well as the student hiking on a low budget. Madagascar welcomes a broad range of tourists, with backpackers at one extreme and those arriving through international tour operators at the other. For planning purposes, more needs to be known about the different requirements of each tourist and there approximate number and time of stay. 4.7 Tourist Expenditures The survey showed that, on average, tourists spent a little over FF 16,205 (roughly $2,000), including international travel costs on their visit to Madagascar. The survey also found that the average cost of the trip changed according to whether the tourist traveled as an individual, a pair, a group, or an organized tour. Tourists using tour operators paid FF 17,300 before departure for the combined package of air travel and accommodation in Madagascar and spent an additional FF 3,494 during the visit, for a total expenditure of FF 20,794. Those traveling alone spent FF 7,885 on their air ticket and FF 6784 while in Madagascar, for a total of FF 14,669. This statistic illustrates the weight of the airfare in the total package-well over 50%, which is high by international norms. Moreover this underlines that using tour operators is not always more beneficial. As in this example 6,000 FF could have been saved. The breakdown of expenditures in Madagascar by those who did not use a tour operator was as follows: 1. Accommodation and food 50.5% 2. Internal travel 24.1% 3. Excursions (Parks) 11.5% 4. Souvenirs 8.7% 5. Other 5.2% Tourists traveling with tour operators will have prepaid their holiday in their country of origin so that expenditure in Madagascar, as reported to a visitor survey, is incorrect, hence signifying that the survey brought more misunderstanding, moreover the money spent on the travel agency didnt go directly to Madagascar but firstly came to the HQ of the tour company and only part of the income was given to Madagascar.   The survey cannot take account of transfers made by the international tour operator for lodging and services used by tourists in Madagascar. It is often that a hotel located inside a country works with specific tour operators at specific given prices. 4.8 The State of Knowledge about Demand for Tourism As the above analysis shows, much of the data related to tourism is questionable and/or insufficient to help formulate policies for the sector and address the questions raised at the beginning of this section. Madagascar needs to improve its collection of data on visitor arrivals at key frontier points. This can be done as already stated, by creating a trade off between the economical sectors in the country and balance the needed funds. Because of the relatively few entry points, islands like Madagascar should have less difficulty in identifying tourists among other foreign visitors. At the same time, Madagascar has done well to conduct visitor surveys because that are revealing about the characteristics of tourists. The government is able to tell that a lot of tourists use the wrong visa for the purpose and hence a better control system has to be put in place. The next visitor survey that Madagascar undertakes could address some of the anomalies raised in this section. The Government should also examine the reports that the tourism industry itself (hotels, tour operators, ground transportation, airlines) provide for other purposes (taxes, licensing, etc.) to help improve its database. The industry itself would benefit from better databases and communication between the country and the tourist.  [5]   5. Negative Social Impacts of Tourism Around the world, many countries are facing not only positive aspects of tourism, but as well negative. In Madagascar this problem is related with increase in prostitution at its worst of child prostitution. The Ministry of Tourism of Madagascar realized that there is a high level risk of child prostitution, especially in Nosy Be and Diego. Moreover, there are rumors of linkages to the international pornography circles, which move this problem on the international level. Additionally, Madagascars government started a strong campaign against abuses which tourist does to the prostitutes. The campaign actually states that offenders will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, and send back home due to the international pact considering abuses. Furthermore, The Ministry of Tourism noted that actually extreme poverty drags people to send their children to earn money for the family in prostitution business. The World Tourism Organization recently published a Code of Ethics and all me mbers, including Madagascar are encouraged to adhere to its principles  [6]   6. Accommodation and Tourist Services The following sections analyze the supply side of the tourism sector, i.e. hotels and other tourist accommodation. Little information is available about tourism-related services, e.g., the numbers or operations of restaurants, scuba diving instructors, and other related services. This section, therefore, focuses on the supply of accommodation by category and by distribution throughout the island. Occupancy rates are also discussed. The objective is to determine whether the supply of accommodation is appropriate for the types of tourists who visit Madagascar and for the locations that are most visited. 6.1 Availability, Quality and Occupancy Rates of Tourist Accommodation In 1999, the country had 556 hotels with 7,207 rooms in 1999; some 111 were classified as meeting international standards and were rated with stars (mostly 3 star). Another 109 met local standards and were rated with palm trees (ravinala). The remaining 336 were unclassified, with many of these containing no more than 5 rooms, operated as a family business, including providing living quarters and meals for the family. By July 2001, the number of hotels had increased and reached 787 and the number of rooms was 8,248 (nor further detail on breakdown is available). The number of hotels increased by 42% between 1999 and July 2001 and the number of rooms by 36%, compared with an increase of 31% in hotels and 19% in rooms between 1996 and 1999. This big leap in accommodation was caused by the expectation of a large increase in tourism in 2001 because of Madagascars vantage point for viewing the total eclipse of the sun Hotels are the main types of accommodation used by tourists-over 90% spend about 15 days in a hotel according to the 2000 visitor survey. Some 25% of tourists spend on average 2 days camping and 21% of even bonafide tourists spend 3 days with family or friends. The 1998 survey had indicated that tourists spent only 4-5 days in hotels. It is inconceivable that the hotel stay would have increased so radically in just two years, so there is an inconsistency between the two surveys. Given the scarcity of appropriate camping or other alternatives to hotel accommodation, the 15-day combined stay for all hotels visited, seems more likely. 6.2 Quality of Accommodation A recent visitor survey of the national parks concluded that facilities in the interior of the parks are limited and sometimes non-existent. Furthermore, accommodation and restaurant services are inadequate and sometimes non-existent in areas surrounding the parks and in neighboring villages. The 2000 visitor survey points out an anomaly in that tourists spend most of their time in nature sites yet it is the towns that are served by more hotels-and by hotels that are generally better than the accommodation in the nature sites. The most significant characteristic of the hotels is that they are very small-the average size for the entire country in July 2001 is 10.5 rooms. Even Antananarivo, with its several business hotels, averages 13.6 rooms per hotel. Moreover, the average number of rooms per hotel has been declining since 1996, when the national average was 14.3 rooms per hotel. The substantial increase in hotel investments between 1999 and 2001 resulted in a decline in hotel size from 13.0 in 1999 to 10.5 rooms per hotel in 2001. The very small size of a hotel can indicate radically different hotel types-luxury or low end. Although Madagascar does have a very few luxury hotels the majority of the existing accommodation, even the newly built hotels, are designed for relatively low-income international tourists, which is not appropriate to demand. In the 2000 visitor survey, Tourists rated highly security and reception. The hotel rooms received average to good ratings, and were criticized mainly because of their lack of maintenance and modern fixtures and fittings. Cleanliness was similarly criticized. Food was rated more highly than all other categories. Tourists had some ambivalence about hotel tariffs with 32% rating them good, 26% very good and another 26% average. As noted in the quotation from a tour operators brochure, below, about hotels in Madagascar, in general the accommodation is not up to western standards. Group travel is a characteristic of tourism today and hotels outside Antananarivo cannot accommodate even the small groups of 16 people and less that travel to Madagascar. Tour operators are unwilling to distribute their group among a number of small hotels because of the lack of sufficient combined good accommodation and, to a lesser extent, because it raises their operational costs. All the ground operators interviewed in Madagascar stated that they compete with each other for rooms in the small number of hotels that meet acceptable standards. When there are no acceptable alternatives, tour operators change itineraries or even cancel groups for peak dates. Absence of quality accommodation in tourist destinations is a major constraint on the growth of the sector. 6.3 Occupancy Rates Hotel occupancy rates were 60% in 1999, 63% in 2000, and 66% in 2001. Thus the occupancy rate is increasing at a time when capacity is also growing, indicating fairly strong growth. An average figure means little in a country with such a large number of hotels, dispersed over many destinations and with a few business hotels in the main cities. From conversations with hotel owners and tour operators, it seems that the few good hotels are operating at or near peak capacity in the main tourist months. In other destinations, seasonality has been tempered by offering lower prices for hotel rooms, Inflexibility caused by climate in Madagascar makes any increase in tourism demand in the low season through pricing incentives less susceptible to success, though some parts of Madagascar are more affected than others by climate (see below). Because of the heavy weight of the airfare in the total tourist package (at least 50%), incentive pricing would also need to be practiced by airlines to have any effect on the total cost of the package and so on the current timing of tourist arrivals. This suggests that an increase in occupancy rates can only occur if tourists can be redistributed in the peak season to areas where occupancy rates are low. Tour operators, however, say that current destinations are selected because of their accessibility and the quality of accommodation. These operators also agree that the asset base is more diversified than the accommodation base and new areas would attract tourists if access and accommodation were available in new sites. The main areas where new accommodation is likely to be required in the near term is in the main ecotourism destinations, the prime beach resorts and in Antananarivo, where some of the bigger hotels have occupancy rates in the 70 + % range. Pressures on itineraries could also be alleviated if there were quality hotels along the roads to the major tourist destinations.  [7]  

The Problems of Over Population Essay -- Natural Resources Economy Ess

The Problems of Over Population There are several problems that affect the world today: war, crime, pollution, and several others. Overpopulation is a serious dilemma that is growing every year, every minute, and every second. It is the root of most, if not all, of the world’s problems1. It is the greatest global crisis facing humanity in the twenty-first century. Overpopulation is the major global problem because of several reasons. Most of the problems we have today, such as ocean depletion, food shortages, water shortages, air pollution, water pollution, and global warming are the effects of overpopulation2. The more people there are, the more resources consumed and the more waste created. A child born today in the United States for instance will produce fifty-two tons of garbage and consume 11 million gallons of water by the age of seventy-five3. Freshwater, drinkable water, is the most critical natural resource to humans. As time goes by, the world’s population expands more rapidly, but there is no more freshwater on the Earth than there was two thousand years ago, when the population was three percent of its current size4. Overpopulation has also increased industrial development, which contributes to massive urbanization and rising of living standards5. The increase in industry shrinks the amount of freshwater available because they are constantly being polluted. The rising in living standards causes people to consume more which creates more waste and raises life ex...

Ece 6604 Final Exam

Georgia Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering ECE6604 Personal & Mobile Communications Final Exam Spring 2010 Tuesday May 6, 11:30am – 2:20pm †¢ Attempt all questions. †¢ All questions are of equal value. †¢ Open book, open notes, exam. 1a) 5 marks: The LCR at the normalized threshold ? for a 2-D isotropic scattering channel can be expressed as v 2 LR = 2? fm ? e , where ?= ? and Rrms = R ?p = R Rrms E[? 2 ] is the rms envelope level. i) Find the normalized threshold level ? o at which the LCR reaches its maximum value. i) Explain why the LCR at ? decreases as ? deviates from ? o . 1b) 5 marks: Consider a cellular system with a carrier frequency of 2 GHz. Suppose that the user is in a vehicle travelling at 60 km/h. Assuming that the channel is characterized by 2D isotropic scattering, ? nd i) the LCR at the normalized level ? = ? 3 dB. ii) the AFD at the normalized level ? = ? 3 dB. 2) The power delay pro? le for a WSSUS channel i s given by ? gg (? ) = 0. 5[1 + cos(2 /T )] , 0, 0 ? ? ? T /2 otherwise a) 3 marks: Find the channel frequency correlation function. ) 4 marks: Calculate the mean delay and rms delay spread. c) 3 marks: If T = 0. 1 ms, determine whether the channel exhibits frequencyselective fading to the GSM system. 3) Cellular CDMA systems use soft hando? , where the transmissions to/from multiple base stations are combined to give a macro-diversity. Here we consider the e? ects of path loss and shadowing and ignore multipathfading. Suppose that the received signal power corresponding to the link with the ith base-station, ? pi , has the probability density function p? pi (x) = v dBm) (x ? pi (dBm) ) 1 exp ? 2 2 2 2 . where pi (dBm) = E[? pi (dBm) ] The ? pi are assumed to be statistically independent. a) 5 marks: The reverse link uses selection combining such that the best basestation is always selected. In this case, ? s p (dBm) An outage occurs if ? s p = max ? p1 (dBm) ? ? th (dBm) , . . . , ? pL (dBm) (dBm) . What is the probability of outage? b) 5 marks: The forward link uses coherent combining such that ? mr(dBm) = ? p1 p (dBm) + . . . + ? pL (dBm) Again, an outage occurs if ? mr(dBm) ? ?th (dBm) .What is the probability of p outage if p1 (dBm) = p2 (dBm) =  ·  ·  · = pL (dBm) ? 4) Consider the reception of a signal in the presence of a single co-channel interferer and neglect the e? ect of AWGN. The received signal power, C , and interference power, I , due to Rayleigh fading have the exponential distributions 1 ? x/C ? ?e C 1 ? pI (y ) = ? e? x/I I pC (x) = ? ? where C and I are the average received signal power and interference power, respectively. a) 5 marks: Assuming that C and I are independent random variables, ? d the probability density function for the carrier-to-interference ratio ? = C . I Hint: If X and Y are independent random variables, then the probability density function of U = X/Y is pU (u) = pXY (v, v/u)|v/u2 |dv . b) 5 marks: Now suppo se that the system uses 2-branch selection diversity. The branches are independent and balanced (i. e. , the distribution pU (u) is the same for each branch. What is the probability density function of ? at the output of the selective combiner? 5) Suppose that a system uses selection diversity.The branches experience independent Rayleigh fading. However, the average received bit energy-to-noise ratio on each diversity branch is di? erent, such that ?i = 2? i ? o ? i = 1, . . . , L a) 5 marks: Find the probability density function of the bit energy-to-noise ratio at s the output of the selective combiner, denoted by ? b . b) 5 marks: If DPSK modulation is used, write down an expression for the probability of bit error. Obtain a closed-form expression if possible; otherwise leave your expression in integral form.

Admission Essay Writing

Admission Essay Writing Admission Essay Writing College admission essay writing is rather difficult for students of all academic levels. While writing admission essay you should show your ability to concentrate and to create a good paper. You should always keep in mind that commission will evaluate your writing skills as well as the presentation of your essay. Every year different educational institutions and colleges get thousands of admission essays. It is a key prerequisite to be creative and original. People who read admission statements understand that everybody is talented and unique in some way or another. You should explain why and what you can do better than others and support your points with the vivid examples. You should make them believe in you being an acceptable candidate for their program. Do not be afraid to present your advantages. Describe all of your achievements in school, for example, you might take part in some competitions and won them. While deciding which information to include or exclude from your admissionessay you should think about situations, goals, and application requirements. If, for example, you decided to go to law school, you should mention that you have been active throughout college, carved out time for community service. Write about your recreational interests. While writing law school admission essay, feel free to develop ideas, take advantage of the experiences of those who preceded you etc. Do not waste words on general sentences. Remember that in your admission essay you do not have to tell about your imperfections.. Your task is to show your bright personality, however, try to be yourself and honest. Avoid exaggerations and especially lies in admission essay, pay special attention to grammar and spelling. Ask someone to proofread your colle ge admission essay:http://.com/blog/college-application-essays Graduate Admission Essay If you decided write an essay within a couple hours, it would be bad idea and the result of such essay would be also unsatisfactory. Start essay writing with outline creation, of course, after the topic is chosen. Arrange your ideas and start writing one paragraph at a time. Whatever method you use to make sure to allow time for revision. Don't start your essay the night before you have to send it out. Ask others to read your essay and give you honest evaluation; tell them that it is important to know what areas they find unclear or unnecessary. Remember that your success depends on your ability to present yourself in a manner that is attractive to admissions committees. Revise your essay until you are satisfied with it. Custom Admission Essay Writing Ordering custom admission essay writing at .com, you receive 100% plagiarism free essays which is professionally written and interesting to read. Do not miss an opportunity to be accepted in your dream university with our help. Numerous students have already used our custom services and they stay with us for years because we deliver essays of premium quality only! Read more: Narrative Essay How to Write an Essay Examples of Persuasive Essays Descriptive Essay Writing Conclusion Writing

Essay on Women In Science Why So FewEssay Writing Service

Essay on Women In Science Why So FewEssay Writing Service Essay on Women In Science: Why So Few? Essay on Women In Science: Why So Few?Cara Santa Maria has chosen to pursue career in S.T.E.M. (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) field. She notices not enough women there. American women make up a half of the workforce of the country, but hold less than one quarter of the S.T.E.M. jobs. Recent survey revealed that for 30% of teen girls, maths is the most challenging subject for them, while only 19% of boys tell the same thing. Girls show less interest in pursuing maths, science, technology or engineering careers. Males outscore females in tasks measuring spatial skills, for example, mental rotation, while females generally perform higher results on verbal tasks. However, these discrepancies can be overcome with simple training in a short period of time. Socio-cultural factors, like stereotype threat, have the greatest impact on young girl’s attitude. In one of the 1st experiments on stereotypes threats, two groups of both genders with equivalent maths interest s and abilities were given a graduate level test in mathematics. The first group before taking exam was told that there were no gender difference in scores. The graded exams showed similar results (around 60% and 55%). The second group beforehand was told that men got better results on the test then women. There, boys scored in 86%, while girls scored 16%. Since then, more than 300 different experiments demonstrated that phenomenon. Girls have less confidence in their ability and possibility to succeed in S.T.E.M. subjects, so they are unlikely to try to succeed. Both men and women have unconscious attitudes towards gender and socials roles. We should let people realize that. One of the best way to educate girls is to give them some example to look up to. We need more women in science, technology, engineering and maths. We must remind young girls that it is cool to be smart.Joanne Cohoon. The Path to Full Participation – Understanding, Intervening and AccessingJoanne Cohoon f rom National Center for Women IT, University of Virginia, USA claims that the USA has a women underrepresentation in different spheres of computing on different levels. According to SAT exam, from all the high school female students, only 13% were going to make career in computing in 2008 and 2009. Only 18% of all students who took advanced placement test on computer science were females in 2009 and 19% in 2010. There is a slight increase in female’s share in studying and graduating with computer profession, as well as engineering and science. Women’s representation in computing is rather low in most countries, not only the USA.If we want to change this situation, we need to understand what is going on, to make interventions based on this understanding and to access the outcomes of our actions. One of the reasons for women’s underrepresentation in computing is cultural belief about gender and technology. We need to learn different theories and consider differen t approaches, examine research results and make a plan of our actions. The study has shown that local efforts can counter prevailing conditions and beliefs about gender and technology. It is important to apply research findings and apply programs that will work. Besides, this problem should not be considered a women’s issue, men must be involved if we want to have progress. Activists should work together with policymakers, share the results of the research, so that people would know what might work.In order not to waste time, we need to access the results of our actions to learn whether they work. Another integral part of changing the situation with women’s underrepresentation in computing is communicating with others, as only together we can move forward.Impact investing women fuel 21st century economy: Kay Koplovitz at TEDxBayAreaThe video presents the speech of Kay Koplovitz who starts with explaining why she believes women will empower the economy in the 21st cent ury. Her story begins with the description of events of 1999, when she worked as a national business counselor appointed by President   Clinton to measure the results of women businesses, especially those that were supported by government. She understood that over a 100 billion dollars was the capital and only 1,7% was going to women. She decided to find the women from different spheres of business whom people would want to fund. After some research, she found 350 companies in technology and life science and chose 26 best of them to present. The unique fact of that entire situation was that all those 350 companies where ruled by women. After the presentation, 22 of those companies got funded. That story was about the ability of women to grow into a scale of large businesses.The video continues with showing the most successful business women of that project. Robin Chase, the thought leader in transportation, presented the first car sharing club in the USA which is called Zipcar. Li nds Hall, the leader of urgent care healthcare, presented her project called Minute clinic. Ping Fu, the leader of 3-D technology, became famous thanks to her company Geomagic. One more interesting story was about Kathleen Callender`s project called PharmaJet, the idea of which was the use of needless injectors to indicate blood borne diseases spread through unsafe needle usage in the developing world.At the end Kay Koplovitz provids interesting facts: women do 66% of the world’s work, but only earn 10% of the world’s income, yet invest 90% of their income into family and community. She finishes the speech telling about being sure that women are going to power the economy in the 21st century.Why More Women Arent Computer Scientists, EngineersThe video presents an interview of Judy Woodruff with Dr. Maria Klawe, the president of Harvey Mudd College. The main question is â€Å"Why women are not pursuing careers in so called STEM fields (science, technologies, engineerin g and maths) in the same way as men†.Dr. Maria Klawe informs that there are many young women going into chemistry, and biology, but there are very few women going into computer science, physics and engineering. On her opinion, it happens due to several reasons: 1 – they think it is not interesting; 2- they don`t think they can be good at it; 3 – they have the image of the people whose field is not attractive. Taking into account all these reasons, Dr. Maria Klawe just suggests young women to follow their passion.She is sure that careers in science are amazing, they are well paid and are very flexible and give opportunity to combine career with family, especially computer science. She mentions that what is created in the technology today depends on who creates it: it can be computer games, medical devises or something else. If women decide to create things, it can be a different set of products.Dr. Maria Klawe recommends parents of girls to encourage their daughte rs to try science and to find the instructor who is encouraging.Discussing the importance of math and science at school, elevating their roles, she mentions that future economic opportunities are impossible without STEM; it demands that we need to have a work force that is well skilled in these spheres. The final message tells that we don`t have a future if we don’t achieve this.